More than $60m worth of bitcoin was stolen from one of the world's largest digital currency exchanges yesterday, and nearly 24 hours later, the event is still shrouded in mystery.
What is clear, though, is that the impact is far-reaching.
The Bitfinex theft represents the largest loss of bitcoins by an exchange since Japan's infamous Mt Gox lost 744,408 BTC in early 2014 (worth $350m), a breach that would ultimately cause it to cease operations.
At press time, the value of the 119,756 BTC stolen from Bitfinex stands at roughly $66m, or about 18% of what was lost by Mt Gox.
Given the size, the theft has sparked confusion and frustration among market traders and observers since it was announced.
Sources close to the exchange have largely avoided offering comment on whether the 119,756 BTC stolen represents the full extent of the hack, and Bitfinex itself has yet to publish any findings from its ongoing internal investigation.
Here's what we know (and what we don't know) so far:
What we know
Multi-signature accounts were impacted
The source of the vulnerability appears to lie in how Bitfinex structured its accounts and its use of bitcoin wallet provider BitGo as an additional layer of security on customer transactions.
Announced in 2015, Bitfinex and BitGo created a system whereby multi-signature wallets, those where keys are divided among a number of owners to manage risk, would be provided to each customer.
The exchange declared at the time:
As referenced in the quote, the companies sought to find an alternative to the standard process used by exchanges at the time that saw customer funds co-mingled in larger offline wallets and connected or "hot" wallets used to meet liquidity demands.
Rather, each Bitfinex user has their own set of keys created on the platform, using a 2-of-3 key arrangement whereby Bitfinex held two of the keys (including one offline) and BitGo used the third to co-sign transactions.
In order to withdraw such a large amount of funds, BitGo would likely have had to sign off on those transactions.
Bitfinex customer losses significant
While the full extent of customer losses on an individual basis is unclear, signs indicate a significant subset of the bitcoin trading community was impacted.
In the hours following the news, community members took to Twitter and Reddit to report that their accounts had been drained.
Some users expressed exasperation despite having security measures like two-factor authentication in place, in which secondary devices (like a mobile phone) are used to provide an additional passkey layer.
On the other hand, funds transferred to the exchange following the hack are said to be secure, but the exchange has yet to release details on both when and how withdrawals will be managed.
Bitcoin prices have fallen sharply
One of the most direct impacts of the Bitfinex hack could be seen in the price of bitcoin, which plunged after the news broke.
Prices fell by nearly 20%, tumbling as low as $480 USD before recovering.
At press time, the price of bitcoin is approximately $552, according to the CoinDesk Bitcoin USD Price Index, up roughly $70 from yesterday's low.
Bitfinex remains offline
Alos at press time, Bitfinex remains offline, with its message announcing the hack still visible to users.
Statements from Bitfines suggest that the company is looking to initially bring the site online so that users can check their balances and determine whether their accounts have been drained.
What we don't know
Who is to blame?
Given the amount of money involved, many in the community have been searching for a scapegoat.
One obvious target has been Bitfinex itself, which had possession of two of the three private keys needed for the funds lost from multi-signature accounts. Others have questioned whether weaknesses in BitGo's model were exposed in the incident as well.
Yesterday, BitGo took to social media to state that an internal investigation had turned up no evidence of a server breach on their end.
Yet despite the assurances, some observers have blamed the service for "blindly signing" the withdrawal of nearly 120,000 BTC and wondered why no potential countermeasures were in place in the event of a movement of funds of that size.
With 30-day transaction volumes just above 600,000 BTC, the hack was roughly one-sixth of the size of the exchange's monthly orders.
When will fiat funds be accessible?
One prevailing question among customers is the status of deposits not denominated in bitcoin. Since the hack was first revealed, Bitfinex stated that only its bitcoin holdings were impacted.
More than a few customers are now taking to social media to ask when they'll be able to access or withdraw those funds.
Answers may be coming soon, however. Representative Zane Tackett, who has been responding to queries via social media since the incident first came to light, said that more updates are forthcoming.
Were other exchanges impacted?
Other market observers were quick to speculate on whether the outage could lead to complications at other exchanges that may have been using Bitfinex as a source of liquidity.
It is known that Bitfinex did offer an API and that it was at one time used by exchanges, though the primary end markets appeared to be brokers and traders.
Such an issue was exposed by a hack at Bitstamp in early 2015, when exchanges, merchants and ATM providers connected to the exchange experienced a notable disruption.
At press time, it's unclear if any smaller exchanges were impacted, and smaller exchanges contacted by CoinDesk reported no disruptions.
In statements to CoinDesk, however, exchanges Kraken and Bitstamp indicated that their approaches to implementing BitGo's multisig technology differed from that of Bitfinex.
"For now I can already say that Bitstamp's implementation of BitGo's MultiSig technology is fundamentally different from the one at Bitfinex," Vasja Zupan, head of business development for Bitstamp, told CoinDesk.
In an email, Kraken CEO Jesse Powell said that while he couldn't offer details on the exchange's security measures, he remarked that "we're confident in our configuration" in light of the Bitfinex breach.
Is BitGo's business model at risk?
Whether BitGo is deemed at fault, it may be losing the battle of public opinion.
Sources suggest BitGo's business model was primarily based on charging enterprise clients for services, and that bitcoin exchanges were the company's primary target market.
One major exchange representative said that the incident had raised issues with the multi-sig security model and that further rollout was likely be delayed as a result of the breach.
Yet statements from exchanges about the viability of their own BitGo implementations suggest that at least some of the service's customers aren't looking to make any changes, at least for now.
Is the CFTC to blame?
Bitfinex settled with the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) earlier this year over alleged trading violations, paying a $75,000 settlement while neither admitting or denying the charges.
At issue, the CFTC said at the time, was how the exchange held control of bitcoin private keys tied to user funds connected to financed trading. The agency's view was that these bitcoins weren't actually "delivered" following the purchase of them, but rather remained under the control of Bitfinex.
Since the hack, some critics pointed to that language in the CFTC settlement as creating the ideal conditions for the theft by prohibiting Bitfinex from using cold storage for customer funds.
Advocacy group Coin Center, however, moved to dismiss the claim that the CFTC was to blame, arguing that multi-sig is one of a number of security approaches and, like others, is prone to vulnerability or failure.
Press materials from last year also indicate that Bitfinex's relationship with BitGo predates the CFTC's investigation.
Image via Shutterstock
Disclosure: CoinDesk is a subsidiary of Digital Currency Group, which has an ownership stake in BitGo.