Even if blockchain fatigue may have set in among bankers, there's at least one use case they're still clearly excited about: trade finance.
At least, that was the impression given at the Blockchain Summit in London last week, where a range of bankers talked enthusiastically about the digital trade finance platforms they are building and the cost reductions they believe will result.
Perhaps most notably, Amit Varma, the CTO of Citibank, was unusually vocal and specific in describing the savings his institution expects the technology to bring to the chain of players involved in each stage of global trade, from manufacturing to shipping to distribution.
He told attendees:
By contrast, in other business lines, bankers have their heads down these days, trying to live up to the hyped promise of blockchain optimization, all while having to deal with the thorny business of integration with their legacy systems. But one refreshing aspect of a largely paper-based system like trade finance is that there's less in the way of creaking architecture.
"Blockchain is good for areas that have resisted digitization," said Xavier Laurent, the head of blockchain community at the French financial institution Credit Agricole.
And the ultimate example of this may be trade finance.
The flip side is that in some parts of the world, the process may continue to resist digitization. Laurent said that while trade finance is global, some governments slow things down and are stuck in the paper trail.
"We will have some jurisdictions where all transactions are going on the blockchain," Laurent said. "But there are other geographic regions where the legal and regulatory risk means you will still use paper."
Platforms and tokens
Still, underscoring the energy around this use case, Varma described, in general terms, a new, fully automated trade platform Citi is building, which he said would combine blockchain with artificial intelligence (AI) and the internet of things (IoT).
The AI will drive trigger points in the system (i.e. the conditions that have to be met before a payment is made), Varma said, adding that an AI-enhanced platform could go as far as issuing a contract. In addition, IoT sensors could be used to do verifications normally done by humans.
"Shipments monitored using IoT devices can give everyone on the blockchain an idea of where the shipment is," he said, adding:
However, Varma kept other details close to the vest. He did not say how close the platform was to being completed, much less tested or put into use, and when asked by CoinDesk he would not even give the project's name.
Laurent said using tokens to represent assets on a blockchain could free up liquidity, giving the example of invoices, "which are not very liquid assets, so this could make them more liquid and distribute them better."
Taking the tokenization of trade finance to its logical conclusion, Lee Pruitt, the CEO of ethereum-based startup InstaSupply, said the whole process can be opened up so that banks are no longer required to loan money against invoices.
"An approved invoice is an asset from an accounting standpoint. A token means anyone, not just banks, can participate in the purchase of this asset," Pruitt said.
Pain points
Stepping back, trade finance is big business, worth some $9 trillion worldwide, according to a recent report by the International Chamber of Commerce.
Yet bankers see room for improvement, which helps explain their search for efficiencies through digitization via blockchain. For example, Sean Edwards, the head of legal at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, posited that there is an additional $1.5 trillion of potential trade finance business that isn't being done, in places like Africa and parts of Asia.
Edwards, who is also chairman of the International Trade Finance Association (ITFA), said one the things that's needed to get those places on board is an efficient know-your-customer (KYC) system to onboard what he called "long tail suppliers," those most in need of finance.
"Trade finance is event-driven, punctuated with invoices, purchase orders etc. What you find is the pre-shipment stages are very poorly served; banks are bad at providing finance to early-stage small suppliers," he said.
The ITFA's focus has been on clearing certain pain points, including assisting the work that IBM is doing with shipping giant Maersk to digitize bills of lading.
"It's a document of title," said Edwards, "so understanding the process, it helps to be a lawyer."
Edwards has also been working closely with Marco Polo, the trade finance network built by R3 and TradeIX, which includes the likes of BNP Paribas, Commerzbank, ING and Standard Chartered Bank.
"Things like promissory notes are very easily digitized," said Edwards, adding:
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