Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell explains the U.S. central bank's economic approach, including how it will address its previous 2% inflation goal over the next decade.

CoinDesk First Mover Editor Bradley Keoun has already laid out the implications for the crypto space – you can read his article here.

Check this page for updates on commentary and analysis on the day's events. Watch Powell's comments here. 

ND (10:00): Powell's done for the day. The symposium will continue through tomorrow, with Bank of England Governor Andrew Bailey giving a speech Friday morning.

BK (10:00): Based on the muted market reaction after Powell’s comments, nothing he said was very far out of line with expectations – that the Fed is comfortable letting inflation rise above its 2% target over the next few years. But the Fed has left itself flexibility to change its monetary-policy plans in the future. And certainly Powell didn’t rule out any use of its monetary-policy tools, such as a broader expansion of its balance sheet to keep markets from tumbling if the economy worsens and bankruptcies increase. Entirely possible – and within the new framework – that the Fed could come out with more trillion-dollar money infusions the next time markets start to falter/lurch.

BK (9:52): Bitcoin’s price rally post-Powell speech has faded, now down to ~$11,400 from ~$11,600 earlier:

ND (9:49): The banking system was "well-capitalized and highly liquid," Powell says, addressing the pre-COVID-19 economy.

The point of the Fed's efforts across the last six months was not to stimulate the economy but "provide a little bit of comfort" to individuals and businesses: "Our response was actually quite different from what it was in the financial crisis, so we could immediately cut rates to zero, we raised our asset purchases essentially without limit to support market function."

The economy can recover – if the U.S. can keep the pandemic under control. The hard part is that a lot of communal activities (restaurant, hotel industries) might find it difficult to recover.

ND (9:47): Powell is saying more direct aid would be best but this is "very hard for us to do"; says he'd look to policy to address this concern.

ND (9:46): Low-wage workers have been disproportionately harmed by the ongoing pandemic, Powell says. He says his institution can support a strong labor market to try and mitigate but this would need to be an "all-governmental" effort. [University of Michigan Provost Susan M. ] Collins asks if the Fed can take any additional efforts to support minority-businesses and institutions in particular.

BK (9:46): Powell says “our policies are for the benefit of all Americans” but notes that its tools are “blunt” and the real power on any “distributive” efforts lie with lawmakers.

BK (9:40): The dollar is choppy – hourly chart of euro exchange rate vs. dollar after Powell’s speech comes out:

ND (9:36): Powell says that "public faith in large institutions around the world is under pressure," and he hopes being transparent will help address that. We've definitely seen skepticism in institutions like the Fed in our space. That Powell is acknowledging this doubt is interesting.

He also said he doesn't expect today's move to "dictate" particular outcomes, noting this is kind of a subjective effort.

BK (9:32): “People don’t generally think about inflation moving up as a good thing,” Powell says. Sort of the elephant-in-the-room question for most non-economics/finance geeks.

ND (9:29): Powell's prepared remarks have ended, but he's participating in a Q&A with University of Michigan Provost Susan M. Collins.

BK (9:28): Of course, as we’ve seen, the Fed changes its long-run policies pretty much whenever the circumstances require it to do so – with a new rationale for doing so.

And here, too, the central bank is giving itself an out: "Of course, if excessive inflationary pressures were to build or inflation expectations were to ratchet above levels consistent with our goal, we would not hesitate to act.”

BK: (9:26): Bitcoin's price rises 1.8% during Powell's speech.

BK (9:24): Fed will review longer-run goals and policies roughly every five years, according to the statement. Powell says new policy statement was “revised today with unanimous consent” from Fed officials, adds “a robust job market can be sustained without causing an outbreak of inflation.”

The implication for crypto is that the Fed will likely let inflation run hot for a few years, which could theoretically weaken the dollar and boost prices for bitcoin.

ND (9:21): The Fed just confirmed it's going to look for increasing inflation at times when needed. In an update to its statement of monetary policy strategy, the Fed says that if inflation falls below its 2% target consistently (as it has for most of the last decade), it will target inflation above 2%.

BK (9:16): Powell notes interest rates are close to the “lower effective bound” i.e. zero “even in good times” – while noting that productivity growth has declined in recent years – the ultimate driver of underlying economic growth.

ND (9:11): Powell is opening his remarks by explaining the history of the Fed's current inflation targets and why the central bank has approached previous targets the way it has.

"Inflation targeting was also associated with increased communication and transparency, designed to clarify the central bank's policy intentions," he said. Bit of tea leaf reading but it sounds like he's expecting a change.

And, of course, monetary policy has evolved, he noted.

BK (9:11): Nothing new from Powell so far. He’s just walking through the recent history of monetary policy.

BK (8:40): The Federal Reserve has pumped about $3 trillion into the financial system this year to help markets recover from the devastating economic toll of the coronavirus. So far, consumer prices have stayed muted, perhaps due to the deflationary impact of slowing demand for goods and services from households and businesses. Powell is expected to discuss whether to explicitly embrace a new policy of allowing inflation to run above the central bank’s 2% annual target. That way, above-target inflation would offset periods of time (such as most of the past decade) where price rises have undershot the target.

Such an explicit commitment would imply to traders that the Fed would stay unusually dovish on inflation for years to come — letting inflation run hot, which likely could push up prices dollar-denominated assets like stocks, gold and bitcoin, since the currency’s purchasing power would be weakening by definition.

Bloomberg News reported on Wednesday the Fed might keep short-term interest rates close to zero for five years or more, under a policy that could be unveiled as soon as next month.

ND (8:40): Thirty minutes before Powell opens at the Jackson Hole Fed symposium, hosted by the Kansas City Fed, and the big question in and out of crypto will remain the economy. While Powell's keynote remarks are likely to draw the most attention, it'll be just as interesting to see what the panelists and guest speakers through the rest of the two-day symposium say.

Last year saw now-former Bank of England Governor Mark Carney discuss the need for a financial system which moves away from the dollar. That's significant in and of itself, but he coupled the suggestion with the idea that a synthetic hegemonic currency, created through a network of central bank digital currencies, could act as the dollar's replacement (among other alternatives). Carney's successor, Andrew Bailey, will take the virtual stage Friday.